Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

6.2K
Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
6.2K
The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

2.0K
Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
2.0K
The Proteasome02:18

The Proteasome

10.6K
Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. A series of enzymes carry out the ubiquitination of the target proteins - E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
10.6K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

13.8K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
13.8K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

17.9K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
17.9K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

21.5K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
21.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The R120G Knock-in Mutation in αB-Crystallin is Insufficient to Induce Cardiomyopathy in Mice.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology·2026
Same author

Introduction to the Compendium on Migration of Mitochondria Beyond Cell Boundary.

Circulation research·2026
Same author

TAX1BP3 Is a SUMOylated Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Protein and Protects Against Vascular Neointimal Hyperplasia.

Circulation·2025
Same author

Mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocytes: safeguarding the heart against disease and ageing.

Nature reviews. Cardiology·2025
Same author

Kindlin-2 Phase Separation in Response to Flow Controls Vascular Stability.

Circulation research·2024
Same author

HFpEF's Fuel Flaw: Impaired Fatty Acid Oxidation Stalls Mitophagy.

Circulation research·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

6.6K

Two Routes for Removing Unhealthy Mitochondria: Degradation and Secretion.

Xi Fang1, Åsa B Gustafsson2

  • 1Department of Medicine (X.F.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla.

Circulation Research
|April 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cardiomyocytes remove damaged mitochondria through degradation or secretion. Understanding these pathways is key to targeting cardiac disease and improving heart function.

Keywords:
extracellular vesicleshomeostasismitochondriamitophagymyocytes, cardiac

More Related Videos

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells
10:39

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Published on: August 24, 2009

26.0K
Author Spotlight: Detection of Mitophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Cells Using Organelle-Specific Dyes
11:59

Author Spotlight: Detection of Mitophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Cells Using Organelle-Specific Dyes

Published on: May 19, 2023

3.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome
07:56

Visualizing Mitophagy with Fluorescent Dyes for Mitochondria and Lysosome

Published on: November 30, 2022

6.6K
Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells
10:39

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Published on: August 24, 2009

26.0K
Author Spotlight: Detection of Mitophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Cells Using Organelle-Specific Dyes
11:59

Author Spotlight: Detection of Mitophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans and Mammalian Cells Using Organelle-Specific Dyes

Published on: May 19, 2023

3.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital for cardiomyocyte energy production and homeostasis.
  • Dysfunctional mitochondria contribute to heart damage and contractile impairment.
  • Cardiomyocytes possess quality control mechanisms to remove defective mitochondria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control in the heart.
  • To summarize pathways for mitochondrial degradation and secretion.
  • To highlight the role of these mechanisms in cardiac disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocytes.
  • Analysis of degradation pathways, including autophagy.
  • Examination of secretion pathways via extracellular vesicles.

Main Results:

  • Cardiomyocytes utilize autophagy for mitochondrial degradation.
  • Extracellular vesicles mediate mitochondrial secretion.
  • Both processes are critical for maintaining cardiac health.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial quality control is essential for preventing cardiac damage.
  • Autophagy and extracellular vesicle secretion are key mechanisms.
  • These pathways represent potential therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases.