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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

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Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Rethinking Mitochondria: The Extracellular Dimension.

Laura Pena-Couso1, Magdalena Makuch1, Jose Angel Nicolas-Avila1,2

  • 1Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (L.P.-C., M.M., J.A.N.-A.), University of California San Francisco.

Circulation Research
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Summary

Extracellular mitochondria, once thought to be only inside cells, are now known to be released and play roles in cell communication and cardiovascular health. Understanding these extracellular mitochondria offers new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
cardiovascular systemextracellular spacehomeostasismitochondriaorganelles

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Extracellular Vesicles

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital intracellular organelles for cellular energy production.
  • Emerging evidence shows mitochondria and their components are released into the extracellular space.
  • These extracellular mitochondria exhibit diverse forms and functional states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of extracellular mitochondria.
  • To explore the mechanisms of their release and their functional roles.
  • To highlight their pathophysiological relevance and therapeutic potential, especially in cardiovascular disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on extracellular mitochondria.
  • Analysis of mechanisms regulating mitochondrial release.
  • Examination of the functional and pathophysiological roles of extracellular mitochondria.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular mitochondria are heterogeneous, ranging from intact organelles to molecular components.
  • Their release is a regulated process influenced by cellular state and stress.
  • Extracellular mitochondria are involved in intercellular communication, inflammation, and cellular support.
  • They play dual roles in cardiovascular homeostasis and disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular mitochondria are significant players in cellular and organismal functions.
  • Their release mechanisms and diverse roles are critical areas of study.
  • Targeting extracellular mitochondria presents a promising therapeutic avenue for cardiovascular diseases and other conditions.