Competence-mediated DNA uptake diversifies Vibrio cholerae sedentary chromosomal integrons

Bacteria often survive viral attack and environmental stress by sharing genes that enhance their defenses. The cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae carries a sedentary chromosomal integron (SCI), a genetic element containing hundreds of mostly promoterless gene cassettes, about 10% of which encode antiviral systems. Cassettes are thought to reshuffle under stress to the favorable first array position, yet the SCI in pandemic V. cholerae has remained static for more than 60 years. In this study, we show that SCI diversification efficiently occurs by horizontal transfer linked to the genus's aquatic lifestyle: DNA released from lysed cells is taken up by naturally competent vibrios and integrated into the first position of the SCI array, the primary site of strong expression, where it confers resistance to phage and potentially other threats.