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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development

Published on: June 19, 2018

Immunogenic cell death as a promising platform for adjuvant development.

Takumi Adachi¹, Etsushi Kuroda¹

¹Department of Immunology, Hyogo Medical University School of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

Current Opinion in Virology

|April 9, 2026

Summary

Damage-associated molecular patterns from dying cells enhance vaccine efficacy by activating innate immunity. Understanding these mechanisms can guide the development of novel vaccine adjuvants for improved immune responses.

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Last Updated: Apr 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology
Vaccinology

Background:

Adjuvants are crucial for vaccine efficacy, primarily by activating innate immune responses.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are widely used as vaccine adjuvants.
Emerging evidence highlights the role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from dying cells in immune activation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the molecular mechanisms of immunogenic cell death (ICD).
To discuss the relevance of ICD to vaccine adjuvant function.
To explore ICD as a platform for next-generation adjuvant development.

Main Methods:

Literature review of immunogenic cell death mechanisms (apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis).
Analysis of the role of DAMPs in innate immune activation.
Discussion of clinically approved and experimental vaccine adjuvants.

Main Results:

ICD encompasses various forms of cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis.
DAMPs released during ICD activate innate immune cells, contributing to adjuvant effects.
ICD mechanisms are relevant to the function of existing and novel vaccine adjuvants.

Conclusions:

Immunogenic cell death represents a promising strategy for developing advanced vaccine adjuvants.
Understanding cell death-driven immune activation aids in designing tailored adjuvants.
Targeting ICD can lead to more effective vaccines against various pathogens and cancers.