Where and how do mammalian cells shape autophagosomes?

Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process responsible for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic components and regulates homeostasis, development, and survival under stress. Autophagy plays critical roles in diseases, including neurodegeneration, cancers, and various infectious and inflammatory conditions. While the molecular machinery of autophagy has been well studied, increasing evidence highlights a complex interplay between autophagy and endocytosis. Traditionally, mammalian autophagosomes were believed to originate from compartments closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum or the endoplasmic reticulum itself. However, more recent research has demonstrated that the recycling endosome (RE) serves as the main platform for autophagosome formation. The recruitment of WIPI2, an essential autophagy protein, to autophagosome initiation sites depends on its coincident detection of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and RAB11A, an RE marker. This enables conjugation of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3) family members to the RE membranes to become nascent autophagosomes. These findings underscore the critical role of RAB11 compartment in autophagosome biogenesis. Contrary to the conventional model that has inferred that autophagosomes derive from spherical precursors with single apertures, structured illumination microscopy reveals these precursors are finger-like structures-much like a hand grasping an object. We will describe the experimental path that led to an understanding of how autophagosomes form from outgrowths of the REs, then close after engulfing their contents. This step is a prerequisite for the final step of autophagosome formation, the release of autophagosomes from the RE membranes, a process that is perturbed by a major Alzheimer's disease gene.