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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

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The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:26

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Consider an isolated system in which a hot object is placed in contact with a cold one. This is an irreversible process that eventually leads both objects to reach the same equilibrium temperature. It is crucial to note that the constituents of any substance exhibit increased disorder at higher temperatures. As a cold substance absorbs heat, its constituents become more disordered. The energy transfer from a hotter object to a cooler one increases the system's disorder or randomness. This...
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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Configurational entropy and Adam-Gibbs relation for quantum liquids.

Yang Zhou1,2, Ali Eltareb3,4, Gustavo E Lopez5,6

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This study shows the potential energy landscape formalism accurately describes quantum liquids near their glass transition. The Adam-Gibbs equation, relating diffusion and entropy, holds true for these quantum systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Physical chemistry
  • Computational physics

Background:

  • Liquids exhibit rapid dynamics slowdown near the glass transition.
  • Nuclear quantum effects can influence dynamics in light elements and hydrogen-containing molecules.
  • Understanding quantum effects on liquid dynamics is crucial for materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the low-temperature behavior of a quantum Lennard-Jones binary mixture (LJBM).
  • To determine if configurational entropy and the Adam-Gibbs equation apply to quantum liquids.
  • To validate the potential energy landscape (PEL) formalism for quantum systems near the glass transition.

Main Methods:

  • Application of the potential energy landscape (PEL) formalism.
  • Utilizing path-integral computer simulations for a quantum LJBM.
  • Analysis of configurational entropy (SIS) and diffusion coefficients.

Main Results:

  • A configurational entropy (SIS) was successfully defined for the quantum LJBM.
  • The Adam-Gibbs equation was shown to hold for the studied quantum LJBM.
  • The PEL formalism proved effective for describing low-temperature quantum liquids.

Conclusions:

  • The PEL formalism is a versatile theoretical approach for studying liquids near the glass transition.
  • The findings are applicable to both classical and quantum mechanical systems.
  • This work provides insights into the fundamental behavior of quantum liquids.