A widespread gut bacterial lineage distinguished by redox metabolism and phage defense

Genomic variation within gut microbial species can have consequences for host health and disease. However, for low abundance species, these variations can be difficult to capture by both culture-dependent and -independent approaches. Here, we focus on the prevalent but low abundance gut Actinomycetota Eggerthella lenta. We developed a selective media for sensitive and specific isolation of E. lenta from human stool. Genomes from 87 new E. lenta isolates were combined with prior high-quality assemblies, shedding light on within-species functional diversity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a broadly distributed subclade, which we refer to as E. lenta Group B. This lineage was differentiated by its metabolic potential and bacteriophage defense, though mobile elements were shared broadly across the species. Notably, Group B was positively associated with intestinal inflammation in subjects with inflammatory bowel disease. Overall, these results emphasize the importance of bacterial population structure in host-microbiome interactions and provide a framework to study low-abundance gut taxa.