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Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Scoping Review
Zohre Momenimovahed1, Zahra Shahabinia2, Leila Allahqoli3
1Department of Reproductive Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran, muq.ac.ir.
International Journal of Breast Cancer
|April 10, 2026
Summary
This review identifies key breast cancer risk factors. Nonmodifiable risks include genetics and family history, while modifiable risks involve lifestyle choices like diet and exercise.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Public Health
- Genetics
Background:
- Breast cancer remains a significant global health concern.
- Understanding risk factors is crucial for effective prevention strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a scoping review of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for breast cancer.
- To synthesize current literature on breast cancer etiology.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science.
- Inclusion of 169 English-language articles published between 2010 and January 2025.
- Keywords: "breast cancer", "risk", "risk factor".
Main Results:
- Nonmodifiable risk factors identified: family history, genetics, blood group, race, prior breast cancer, sex hormones, and breast density.
- Modifiable risk factors identified: smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, diet, hormone therapy, obesity, diabetes, and reproductive factors.
- Numerous factors contribute to breast cancer occurrence.
Conclusions:
- Lifestyle modifications are key to breast cancer prevention.
- Strategies include dietary changes, physical activity, smoking cessation, and weight management.
- Genetic screening and informed hormonal choices are also important.
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