Select them well, train them better! Psychological combat readiness in the German army special forces

Psychological Combat Readiness (PCR) refers to a mindset designed to enhance the mental performance and operational preparedness of military and law enforcement special forces. The concept comprises five core components: Psychological Stability, Hardiness, Functional Work Attitude, Comradeship and Team Orientation (Cohesion) and VUCA competence-characterized by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. The first part of the present study aimed to investigate the trainability of PCR during the basic Special Operation Forces (SOF) training phase of the German Army Special Forces Command (KSK). In particular, it examined whether PCR predicts tactical and military performance parameters such as Close Quarter Battle and hand-to-hand combat training. The second part of the study explored whether PCR could predict commando eligibility in the KSK.

Candidates (N = classified) of the German Army Special Forces Command (KSK) were followed longitudinally from 2023 to 2025 during their basic SOF training. Psychological Combat Readiness was assessed with the self-reported 50-items PCR-scale at three assessment periods: at the beginning of the basic SOF training, after 15 months, and after 24 months. Participants in the training cohort were divided into two groups: an experimental group, which received PCR training, including modules on Hardiness, Comradeship and Team Orientation, and Performance Optimization; and a control group, which was trained in progressive muscle relaxation and breathing techniques. After 15 and 24 months, a rMANOVA was conducted to examine changes in the PCR factors and to compare group performance in Close Quarter Battle (CQB) and hand-to-hand combat training. Finally, the initial PCR factors were analyzed using binary logistic regression to determine their predictive value for successful completion of the commando qualification after two years.

The training of PCR showed significant changes in Hardiness and Functional Work Attitude for the experimental group after 15 and 24 months. In addition, the training compared to the control group showed significantly higher scores in the CQB-competency and hand-hand-combat ratings. Furthermore, Hardiness as well as Comradeship- and Functional Work Attitude were positively related to the CQB and hand-to-hand combat performance. The second part of the study showed Hardiness and Comradeship and Team Orientation significantly predicted commando eligibility.

Findings from the study support an integrative model describing PCR as a multidimensional, dynamic, and trainable construct. It plays a central role in the basic training and final qualification of special forces personnel. The results reinforce the notion that psychological components such as Hardiness, Functional Work Attitude, and Comradeship and Team Orientation strengthen collective performance and cohesion in high-risk environments. These insights provide empirical evidence for the relevance of psychological factors in military contexts and offer concrete directions for refining selection and training procedures. Overall, the integration of psychological training modules into special forces education proves both meaningful and performance-relevant, positioning PCR as a key resource for enhancing individual preparedness and team effectiveness in complex operational scenarios.