Elucidating interfacial charge-transfer dynamics of Ti₃C₂T _x electrodes via advanced distribution of relaxation times...

This study employs Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) analysis to elucidate the electrochemical charge dynamics within Ti₃C₂T _x MXene-based electrodes. Comprehensive electrochemical characterizations, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), were systematically conducted in various electrolytes (H₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄, and KOH) and on multiple substrates (fluorine-doped tin oxide, carbon paper, and nickel foam) to evaluate charge storage mechanisms. Through DRT analysis, distinct electron-ion transport dynamics and relaxation processes were effectively differentiated, providing deeper insight into electrolyte-substrate interactions. Results demonstrated that acidic electrolytes (H₂SO₄) significantly enhanced charge transfer kinetics, while highly porous substrates (nickel foam and carbon paper) improved capacitive behavior. The DRT analysis specifically identified dominant charge-transfer peaks and clarified kinetic limitations, revealing slower dynamics at higher potentials, particularly in Na₂SO₄. Overall, this study underscores the capability of DRT analysis to systematically unravel complex electrochemical phenomena, highlighting its importance for optimizing MXene-based energy storage systems.