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Design Example: Deciding Thickness of Lubricating Fluid in a Shaft

Design Example: Deciding Thickness of Lubricating Fluid in a Shaft

Effective lubrication between a rotating shaft and its bearing housing is essential in rotating machinery to minimize friction, wear, and energy loss. With carefully controlled thickness and viscosity, the lubricant layer prevents metal-to-metal contact, ensuring smooth operation.
To calculate the required thickness of the lubricant layer, the tangential velocity at the shaft's surface must first be determined. This velocity is calculated by converting the rotational speed to angular velocity...

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Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Residue-Free Fabrication of van der Waals Heterostructures of Two-Dimensional Materials

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Published on: July 18, 2025

2D Nanomaterials Toward Function-Ready Superlubricity in Advanced Microsystems.

Yushan Geng^1,2, Jun Yang^2,3, Yong Yang^1,4

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|April 10, 2026

Summary

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials enable superlubricity by minimizing friction and wear in microelectromechanical systems. Advances in assembly and design promise reliable, energy-efficient devices through AI-guided engineering.

Keywords:

2D nanomaterials microsystems nanoscale tribology solid lubrication superlubric interfaces ultralow friction

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Tribology

Background:

Micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) face limitations in reliability and energy efficiency due to interfacial friction and wear.
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with van der Waals structures offer a pathway to superlubricity, minimizing friction at the nanoscale.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the principles and applications of superlubricity in 2D nanomaterials for microdevices.
To outline advancements in materials assembly and device integration for achieving ultralow friction.

Main Methods:

Exploration of atomistic principles governing superlubricity, including structural and transformation archetypes.
Review of van der Waals assembly, hybrid nanomembranes, and field-tunable heterostructures for microsystem development.
Discussion of artificial intelligence (AI)-guided design and standardized tribological metrics.

Main Results:

Two archetypes of superlubricity (structural and transformation) are identified, based on lattice incommensurability and shear-induced reconstructions.
Three classes of sliding-driven microsystems are established: mechanical energy transfer, mechano-electrical conversion, and smart interfacial control.
Challenges in scaling, environmental stability, and integration for device-scale superlubricity are highlighted.

Conclusions:

Superlubricity in 2D nanomaterials offers a promising approach to overcome friction and wear in microdevices.
The convergence of AI, standardized metrics, and scalable integration is crucial for engineering reliable and energy-efficient microelectromechanical systems.