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Digital Discourse, Secondary Victimization, and Psychological Harm: Mixed-Methods Analysis of System Justification in
Harsh Parekh1, Shriya Thakkar2, Paras Bhatt3
1Paul H. Chook Department of Information Systems and Statistics, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.
Journal of Medical Internet Research
|April 10, 2026
Summary
The #MeToo movement
Area of Science:
- Digital Health
- Public Health
- Sociology
Background:
- The #MeToo movement amplified women's voices globally, exposing sexual harassment and assault.
- Online discourse revealed social divisions, with supportive and antagonistic responses impacting survivors.
- In India, the #MeToo movement highlighted gender inequalities within the Indian Entertainment Industry (IEI).
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine online discourse surrounding #MeToo.
- To identify system-justifying narratives on social media.
- To assess how #MeTooIndia exposed institutional inequities in the IEI.
Main Methods:
- Mixed-methods approach combining natural language processing of Twitter data and qualitative interviews.
- Analysis of 205,082 tweets for sentiment, stance, and topic modeling.
- Semistructured interviews with 20 academic experts in film, gender, and media studies.
Main Results:
- Four primary forms of system justification identified: gender, institutional system, backlash, and victim-blaming.
- Gender and institutional system justifications were most prevalent in #MeToo discourse.
- Experts perceived #MeTooIndia as empowering but constrained by institutional and cultural barriers.
Conclusions:
- Digital discourse surrounding #MeToo often reinforces existing gender and institutional hierarchies.
- Social media can amplify advocacy but also reproduce conditions linked to gender-based violence and psychological distress.
- There is a need for trauma-informed digital governance and recognition of online hostility as a public health risk.
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