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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Not just two languages: Using variation in language experience to understand how cognitive resources shape syntactic

Nicholas Sulier1, Julio Torres2, Judith F Kroll1

  • 1School of Education, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.

Plos One
|April 10, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilinguals

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Second Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Bilingualism is a complex phenomenon shaped by diverse learning experiences.
  • Understanding bilingualism requires examining individual differences in cognitive resources.
  • Previous research highlights the need to characterize variations in how bilinguals use their languages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how working memory and cognitive control affect syntactic processing in bilingual speakers.
  • To compare these effects between second language learners and heritage bilinguals.
  • To explore the influence of language learning background and dominance on cognitive resource contributions.

Main Methods:

  • Elicited sentence imitation task used to measure syntactic processing.
  • Two groups studied: adult Spanish second language learners and heritage Spanish speakers.
  • Working memory and cognitive control assessed as predictors of performance.

Main Results:

  • Working memory predicted Spanish syntactic processing for second language learners, but not heritage speakers.
  • Working memory predicted English syntactic processing for heritage speakers, influenced by language dominance.
  • Cognitive control showed group-specific effects: heritage speakers benefited from reactive control in Spanish, while L2 learners used proactive control in English.

Conclusions:

  • Syntactic processing in bilinguals is influenced by both language proficiency and the unique ways languages are learned and used.
  • Cognitive resources like working memory and cognitive control contribute distinctly to syntactic processing based on bilingual experience.
  • Language experience significantly shapes cognitive engagement and underlies variations in bilingual syntactic processing.