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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution,...
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect.
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Nanoconfined superionic water is a molecular superionic.

Samuel W Coles1,2, Amir Hajibabaei1,2, Venkat Kapil3,4

  • 1Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.

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|April 10, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoconfined water can be both molecular and superionic, exhibiting exceptional proton conductivity. This behavior is driven by a flexible hydrogen-bonded network and low proton transfer barriers, key for molecular superionics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • Superionic ice involves dissociated water molecules, impacting planetary interiors and energy.
  • A predicted nanoconfined superionic water state consists of intact molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how nanoconfined water achieves a molecular superionic state.
  • Provide general insights into superionic behavior using advanced simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Applied machine learning techniques.
  • Utilized electronic structure simulations.

Main Results:

  • Nanoconfined water exhibits superionic properties with intact molecules.
  • Conduction occurs via chain-like proton migrations and defect propagation.
  • Exceptional conductivity stems from the Grotthuss mechanism, facilitated by low proton transfer barriers and a flexible hydrogen-bonded network.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoconfined molecular water can be superionic.
  • Low proton transfer barriers and a flexible hydrogen-bonded network are crucial for fast ionic conduction in molecular superionics.