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Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method
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3D self-locking granular metamaterials.

TongTong Liu1, Tao Sun1, Ning Cao1

  • 1School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.

Science Advances
|April 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel 3D granular metamaterial with self-locking hooks. This adaptable material offers enhanced ductility, tunable stiffness, and superior energy absorption for protective applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering
  • Biomimetics

Background:

  • Traditional mechanical metamaterials are often static after fabrication.
  • Designing adaptive and reconfigurable materials remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) self-locking granular metamaterial.
  • To investigate its mechanical properties and potential applications in adaptive protection.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 3D granular metamaterial using rigid ellipsoidal particles with flexible, hook-like appendages inspired by *Xanthium* seed burs.
  • Experimental characterization of the material's response to tensile, shear, compressive, and impact loading.

Main Results:

  • The metamaterial exhibits enhanced ductility through sequential stepwise unhooking under tension.
  • A transition from fluid-like to solid-like behavior under shear due to hook engagement.
  • Superior energy absorption in compression and impact via internal void collapse and interhook friction.
  • Elastic deformation of hooks allows for material reusability.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed 3D self-locking granular metamaterial demonstrates tunable mechanical properties and exceptional energy dissipation without external confinement.
  • This biomimetic design offers a pathway towards adaptive, reusable protective materials with potential applications in packaging and impact mitigation.