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Related Concept Videos

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Hemodynamic Precision in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography
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Dynamic adaptive changes in heart function first 10 days after birth in healthy term neonates.

Nikolai Nordberg Nørgaard1, Isabelle Holstad1, Moritz Schneider Jess2

  • 1Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Dept. of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.

Early Human Development
|April 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal heart function changes significantly in the first ten days. Left ventricular function decreases initially, while right ventricular function improves, highlighting the importance of timing in assessments.

Keywords:
Heart functionNeonatesNewbornsSpeckle tracking echocardiographyStrain rateTissue Doppler imagingTransition

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal physiology
  • Cardiovascular adaptation
  • Pediatric cardiology

Background:

  • Understanding early neonatal cardiac adaptation is crucial for identifying potential issues.
  • The transition from fetal to neonatal circulation involves significant hemodynamic changes.
  • Limited data exists on serial cardiac function assessments in the first ten days of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal changes in heart function in healthy term neonates during the first ten days after birth.
  • To assess left and right ventricular systolic function using advanced echocardiographic techniques.
  • To explore the impact of heart rate on cardiac function parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study of 50 healthy term neonates.
  • Serial echocardiographic assessments including speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (pwTDI) at days 1, 3, and 6-10 postpartum.
  • Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze changes in cardiac function over time and the influence of heart rate.

Main Results:

  • Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) decreased from day 1 to day 6-10.
  • Right ventricular longitudinal strain, strain rate, and peak systolic velocity (s') increased significantly over the first ten days.
  • Both ventricles showed increased systolic strain rate with increasing heart rate.

Conclusions:

  • Neonatal left ventricular systolic function declines in the first few days post-birth, with stabilization not occurring by day three.
  • Right ventricular systolic function improves progressively over the first ten days, with significant changes noted after day three.
  • Evaluation of neonatal heart function requires consideration of the postnatal day due to distinct temporal adaptations in each ventricle.