Structuring PVC circularity in the built environment: A systems-based ISM-MICMAC analysis

The transition toward a Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment requires targeted strategies to enhance the circularity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), despite its significant environmental challenges. This study aims to identify and examine the key criteria that accelerate the adoption of sustainable PVC practices for PVC circularity within the built environment, and to map the interrelationships among these criteria to support industry practitioners, policymakers, and government in effectively sequencing their improvement efforts. To achieve this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with CE experts and industry stakeholders operating across multiple stages of the PVC circular value chain. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) and the Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) analysis were employed to develop a hierarchical model and to assess the driving and dependence power of each criterion. The findings reveal a hierarchical structure spanning low, mid, and upper-level criteria. Foundational low-level enablers, such as regional logistics, off-cut collection systems, and social acceptance, support organisational and technical drivers. Mid-level regulatory and policy mechanisms exhibit both driving and dependence power, mediating system interactions. Upper-level criteria, including procurement standards and economic performance factors, are highly dependent outcomes. Strengthening low and mid-level drivers can therefore generate multi-level system improvements across the PVC circular value chain.