Mechanistic study on propoxate-induced neurotoxicity and addictive potential via blood-brain barrier disruption and...

In recent years, propoxate (PPO), a structural analogue of etomidate (ETO), has been illicitly added to e-cigarette liquids, while its neurotoxic and addictive mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, 8-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were used to evaluate the toxic and addictive effects of 3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg PPO exposure through behavioral tests, molecular biology, and molecular docking. The results showed that PPO induced conditioned place preference, reduced locomotor activity, and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. It accumulated dose-dependently in the brain and other tissues and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by significantly downregulating tight junction-related genes (Ocln, Tjp1, Cldn5) and interfering with the ZO-1/Occludin complex via direct binding. PPO also induced oxidative stress, local inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and striatum. In addition, GABA_A receptor α1 expression was upregulated in the hippocampus, and PPO was found to bind to the α/γ2 subunit interface of the receptor, potentially modulating its function. Transcriptomic analysis further confirmed that PPO mediates neurotoxicity and addictive potential by suppressing genes associated with tight junction proteins and disrupting the GABAergic system. This study reveals the dual mechanisms underlying PPO-induced neurotoxicity and addiction, providing a molecular-level explanation for its environmental and public health risks.