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Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

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Published on: January 12, 2017

Self-setting calcium polyphosphate coacervate composite for pulp capping treatment.

Jing Ru¹, Nan Luo², Ming Shen³

¹Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, PR China; Department of Skin and Cosmetics Research, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200010, PR China.

Acta Biomaterialia

|April 10, 2026

Summary

A new injectable biomaterial, polyP-Ca-CS, promotes vital pulp therapy by enabling self-setting and activating dental pulp stem cells. This calcium polyphosphate coacervate composite offers a promising alternative for regenerative endodontics.

Keywords:

Coacervate Dental pulp Polyphosphate Self-setting

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Endodontics
Biomineralization

Background:

Current vital pulp capping materials are inadequate for complex dental tissue defects.
There is a need for advanced biomaterials that promote pulp regeneration and vitality.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an injectable, self-setting calcium polyphosphate coacervate composite (polyP-Ca-CS) for direct pulp capping.
To investigate the setting mechanism, bioactivity, and in vivo efficacy of polyP-Ca-CS for vital pulp therapy.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of polyP-Ca-CS via liquid-liquid phase separation and chitosan incorporation.
Characterization of setting properties (aqueous/anhydrous conditions, exotherm, volume change).
In vitro assessment of dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) responses (ATP production, mitochondrial function, differentiation).
In vivo evaluation in a rabbit pulp exposure model for reparative dentin formation and pulp vitality.

Main Results:

PolyP-Ca-CS demonstrated injectable and self-setting properties without significant exothermic reaction or volume change.
Acid neutralization mechanism was identified as the driver for coacervate setting.
In vitro studies showed enhanced DPSC metabolic activity, migration, and odontogenic differentiation.
In vivo, polyP-Ca-CS effectively induced reparative dentin and preserved pulp vitality, comparable to commercial bioceramics.

Conclusions:

PolyP-Ca-CS is a rationally designed, bioenergetic-active biomaterial suitable for vital pulp therapy.
The study advances fundamental understanding of inorganic coacervate chemistry and setting mechanisms.
This novel biomaterial offers a promising alternative for regenerative endodontics, meeting stringent physical and biological requirements.