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Related Concept Videos

Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and...
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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes
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Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in rice: Source attribution and putative mobility patterns.

Jie Hou1, Ye Li2, Mengqi Liu1

  • 1Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.

Food Microbiology
|April 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in rice grains are linked more to environmental sources than seed origins. Understanding these reservoirs is key to managing ARGs in rice systems.

Keywords:
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)MicrobiomePutative VGT-like/HGT-like patternsResistomeRiceSource tracking

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Public health

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be present in rice grains.
  • The primary sources of ARGs in rice grains (seed-associated vs. environmental) are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relative contributions of seed-associated and environmental reservoirs to ARGs in rice grains.
  • To characterize the ARG profiles in various rice tissues and surrounding environmental matrices.

Main Methods:

  • Shotgun metagenomics was performed on rice tissues (grain, seed, leaf, stem, root) and environmental samples (soil, water, PM10).
  • Source tracking (FEAST) was used to determine the attribution of microbial communities and ARGs.
  • Phylogenetic screening and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were employed to analyze ARG linkages and mobility.

Main Results:

  • 1019 ARG subtypes were detected across all samples.
  • Seed sources contributed significantly to the grain microbiome (49.49%), but environmental sources were more dominant for the grain resistome (20.68%).
  • 39 near-identical ARG linkages were identified, suggesting potential horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or vertical gene transfer (VGT).

Conclusions:

  • Rice grain microbiomes show seedborne signatures, while the resistome is more strongly influenced by environmental factors.
  • Identifying ARG reservoirs in rice systems is crucial for public health and agricultural safety.
  • Further research into ARG mobility mechanisms (VGT/HGT) in rice ecosystems is warranted.