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Alternative Developmental Toxicity Screening Methods Using Chick Embryo-Based Models.

Jeong Hwan Kim¹, Cheoljin Park¹, Donghee Kim¹

¹Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT

|April 10, 2026

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Chick embryo models offer a cost-effective and ethically considerate alternative for developmental toxicity studies. These models can supplement traditional animal testing and bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research.

Area of Science:

Toxicology
Developmental Biology
Animal Alternatives

Background:

Nonclinical developmental toxicity studies assess drug/chemical effects on embryonic and fetal development.
Current mammalian models (rats, rabbits) face ethical concerns, high costs, and lengthy durations.
Existing alternatives (cell cultures, organoids, zebrafish) struggle with whole-body physiological complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review chick embryo-based models for developmental toxicity screening.
To evaluate their potential to overcome limitations of other alternative models.
To discuss advantages, limitations, and future directions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of chick embryo applications in developmental toxicity.
Analysis of chick embryo models' developmental relevance, cost-effectiveness, and ethical aspects.

Keywords:

3Rs fertilized egg nonclinical developmental toxicity relative replacement

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Comparison with mammalian and other alternative models.

Main Results:

Chick embryos have demonstrated utility in cardiovascular development, cancer, and vaccine research.
Advantages include developmental relevance, cost-efficiency, and ethical benefits.
Limitations involve challenges in replicating whole-body homeostasis and the need for protocol standardization.

Conclusions:

Chick embryo models show promise as a complementary approach to mammalian studies.
They can bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo research systems.
Further standardization, validation, and technological integration are crucial for practical application.