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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

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Stampede detection and crowd analysis using CNN-LSTM and farneback optical flow.

Geetanjali Bhola1, Sumit Srivastava2, Hith Rahil Nidhan3

  • 1Faculty of Technology, University of Delhi, Delhi, NCT of Delhi, 110007, India.

Scientific Reports
|April 10, 2026
PubMed
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This study introduces an automated system for detecting crowd stampedes and classifying crowd risk levels. The novel framework achieves 99.75% accuracy, enhancing public safety at crowded events.

Area of Science:

  • Computer Vision
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Public Safety

Background:

  • Stampede incidents in crowded environments pose significant public safety risks, leading to casualties and disruptions.
  • Existing methods for crowd monitoring often lack the granularity needed for effective early warning systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel, data-driven framework for automated stampede detection and crowd risk classification.
  • To provide a more granular assessment of crowd states beyond traditional binary models.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of Farneback optical-flow computation with a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) architecture.
  • Utilization of combined UCSD Anomaly detection and Agoraset datasets for comprehensive crowd behavior and density analysis.
Keywords:
Abnormal crowd behaviorCNN–LSTMCrowd analysisDeep learningOptical flowSpatio-temporalStampede detection

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  • Training and evaluation on 10,000 annotated frames with preprocessing and augmentation for robustness.
  • Main Results:

    • Achieved a high accuracy of 99.75% in classifying crowd states into four risk levels: normal, moderate, dense, and risky.
    • Demonstrated robustness under domain shift conditions through cross-dataset evaluation on the UMN benchmark.
    • The system offers a granular assessment of crowd risk, outperforming traditional binary models.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed framework shows strong potential for real-time deployment in public event management and emergency response systems.
    • Current limitations include computational latency and challenges in detecting stampedes in ultra-dense, occluded crowd scenarios.
    • Further research is needed to address computational efficiency and performance in complex, occluded environments.