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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles01:20

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Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur between generating an action potential and initiating a muscle contraction. It occurs at the triad, a structure found in skeletal muscle fibers that comprise a T-tubule and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side. These triads are visible in longitudinally sectioned muscle fibers. They are typically located at the A-I junction — the junction between the A and I bands of the sarcomere.
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Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles01:24

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Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
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Skeletal muscle is the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. Skeletal muscles pull on tendons, which in turn pull on bones to carry out voluntary movements.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Skeletal muscle cells, also called muscle fibers, are distinctly elongated, multi-nucleated, slender biological units. They are packed with specialized structures designed to facilitate their primary function, which is contraction.
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Related Experiment Video

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Enhanced Quantitative Phosphocreatine MR Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Using a Global-Local Two-Branch Deep Learning

Malvika Viswanathan1,2, Leqi Yin1,3, Yashwant Kurmi1,4

  • 1Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|April 10, 2026
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Summary

A novel deep learning model accurately quantifies phosphocreatine (PCr) in muscle. This method improves diagnosis of muscle diseases by precisely measuring PCr levels and exchange rates, outperforming existing techniques.

Keywords:
amyotrophic lateral sclerosischemical exchange saturation transferdeep learningphosphocreatine

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Medical Imaging
  • Machine Learning

Background:

  • Phosphocreatine (PCr) is a key muscle metabolism marker, crucial for diagnosing muscular and neuromuscular diseases.
  • Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI detects PCr effects, but quantification of its parameters (fs, ksw) is difficult, especially at low fields, due to confounding effects.
  • Traditional deep learning (DL) models struggle with subtle PCr variations and often lack realistic training data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust deep learning (DL) model for accurate phosphocreatine (PCr) quantification in skeletal muscle.
  • To overcome limitations of conventional fitting approaches and existing DL models in capturing PCr-specific variations.
  • To enable precise measurement of PCr parameters (fs, ksw) for improved disease diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a global-local two-branch deep learning (DL) model designed to eliminate confounding effects and capture subtle PCr CEST variations.
  • Training the DL model on partially synthetic data, balancing simulation flexibility with data fidelity.
  • Validation of model accuracy using digital and physical phantoms, followed by application to skeletal muscle in healthy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) rat models.

Main Results:

  • The developed DL model significantly outperformed conventional fitting methods, state-of-the-art models, and other DL approaches in phantom experiments.
  • In vivo studies revealed a significant reduction in PCr fs in ALS rat models, a finding missed by other methods.
  • The model demonstrated superior ability to detect subtle changes in PCr quantification.

Conclusions:

  • The global-local two-branch DL model, trained with partially synthetic data, effectively enhances phosphocreatine (PCr) quantification in skeletal muscle.
  • This advanced DL approach offers a more accurate and sensitive method for assessing muscle metabolism.
  • The findings support the potential of this model for improved diagnosis of muscle-related diseases.