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Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Fabrication of Mechanically Tunable and Bioactive Metal Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications
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Multifunctional 3D-Printed Titanium Alloy Composite-Coated Scaffold for Modulating the Immune Microenvironment and

Renhua Ni1,2,3, Mingxia Wang4, Zhuo Chen1,2,3

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|April 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel cytokine-functionalized titanium scaffold (IL4/IL13@SM@pTi-Zn) that significantly enhances bone regeneration by modulating the immune response and promoting osteogenesis, showing great potential for bone defect repair.

Keywords:
3D printingZn-ion implantationbone regenerationcytokine-functionalized scaffoldosteoimmunology

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Bone tissue engineering seeks advanced biomaterials for enhanced regeneration.
  • Current strategies aim to combine structural support with biological modulation.
  • Immune modulation is a key factor in successful bone repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a cytokine-functionalized Zn-incorporated titanium scaffold (IL4/IL13@SM@pTi-Zn).
  • To investigate the scaffold's potential to improve bone regeneration via immune modulation and osteogenesis.
  • To assess the scaffold's efficacy in a preclinical bone defect model.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of cytokine-functionalized Zn-incorporated titanium scaffolds.
  • In vitro assessment of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.
  • Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for gene expression analysis.
  • In vivo evaluation using a rabbit femoral condyle defect model.
  • Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) analysis for bone regeneration assessment.

Main Results:

  • The IL4/IL13@SM@pTi-Zn scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility.
  • Significant promotion of osteogenic differentiation and upregulation of key osteogenic genes (ALP, COL1A1, Runx2, OPN).
  • Reduced pro-inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species, indicating immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects.
  • In vivo studies showed enhanced bone regeneration, with increased bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness.

Conclusions:

  • The IL4/IL13@SM@pTi-Zn scaffold effectively enhances bone repair.
  • Synergistic promotion of osteogenesis and immune regulation contributes to improved bone regeneration.
  • This biomaterial holds significant promise for clinical applications in bone defect repair.