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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

136.5K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
136.5K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

16.4K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

50.5K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
15.0K
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

2.9K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
2.9K
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

57.8K
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
57.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
10:00

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor

Published on: March 10, 2023

3.5K

Testing Wormhole-Mediated Entanglement with Hydrogen.

Irfan Javed1, Edward Wilson-Ewing1

  • 1University of New Brunswick, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.

Physical Review Letters
|April 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The ER=EPR conjecture suggests entangled particles are linked by quantum wormholes. This study shows wormhole effects could alter hydrogen atom

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Gravity
  • Atomic Physics
  • Quantum Entanglement

Background:

  • The ER=EPR conjecture proposes a connection between quantum entanglement and Einstein-Rosen bridges (wormholes).
  • Entangled particles are theorized to be connected via these wormholes, potentially influencing spacetime geometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physical consequences of the ER=EPR conjecture on atomic systems.
  • To explore how quantum wormhole effects might manifest in the hydrogen atom's properties.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis assuming electric field leakage into quantum wormholes.
  • Modeling the impact of wormhole effects on the hydrogen atom's hyperfine structure.
  • Considering the implications of nontraversable wormholes on the atom's total effective charge.

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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

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Last Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Hydrogen Production and Utilization in a Membrane Reactor
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
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Main Results:

  • Electric field leakage into quantum wormholes is predicted to modify the hydrogen atom's hyperfine structure.
  • Nontraversable quantum wormholes could result in a non-zero total effective charge for the hydrogen atom.
  • These predicted effects offer constraints on the ER=EPR conjecture's amplitude.

Conclusions:

  • The ER=EPR conjecture has potentially observable consequences in atomic physics.
  • High-precision measurements of hydrogen's hyperfine structure and charge can test the ER=EPR conjecture.