Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.6K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.6K
Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules02:35

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

66.1K
Noncovalent attractions are associations within and between molecules that influence the shape and structural stability of complexes. These interactions differ from covalent bonding in that they do not involve sharing of electrons.
Four types of noncovalent interactions are hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.
Hydrogen bonding results from the electrostatic attraction of a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a strong-electronegative atom like oxygen,...
66.1K
Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules02:35

Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

20.8K
20.8K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

4.4K
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
4.4K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

26.9K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
26.9K
Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments01:11

Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments

3.9K
The polymerization of G-actin monomers into filamentous F-actin is a multi-step process. Once the F-actins are formed, they can bundle together in different arrangements to form higher-order networks and regulate cellular functions. Common examples include the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia at the cell's leading edge by actin reorganization in a migrating cell. The microvilli on the brush border epithelial cells are also formed through the F-actin network.
The high-order actin...
3.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Supramolecular Engineering of Fluid Pressure in Filamentous Hybrid Double Network Hydrogels for 3D Chondrocyte Culture.

Advanced healthcare materials·2026
Same author

Stimuli-responsive polymers at the interface with biology.

Biomacromolecules·2025
Same author

Author Correction: Cytoskeleton-functionalized synthetic cells with life-like mechanical features and regulated membrane dynamicity.

Nature chemistry·2025
Same author

Cytoskeleton-functionalized synthetic cells with life-like mechanical features and regulated membrane dynamicity.

Nature chemistry·2025
Same author

Cisplatin-encapsulated TRAIL-engineered exosomes from human chorion-derived MSCs for targeted cervical cancer therapy.

Stem cell research & therapy·2024
Same author

Harnessing Competitive Interactions to Regulate Supramolecular "Micelle-Droplet-Fiber" Transition and Reversibility in Water.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

8.1K

Covalent Network Formation Rate Controls Depletion-Induced Supramolecular Assembly in Hybrid Double Network

Mertcan Özel1, Sebastian Novosedlik1, Tingxian Liu1

  • 1Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Controlling covalent network formation rate programs supramolecular hydrogel architecture. Slow crosslinking creates bundled filaments, enhancing toughness, while fast crosslinking locks in nanostructures.

Keywords:
double networkshydrogelsmacromolecular crowdingsquaramidessupramolecular materials

More Related Videos

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
09:26

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

10.6K
Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
12:07

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

14.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

8.1K
Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
09:26

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

10.6K
Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
12:07

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

Published on: April 16, 2018

14.2K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Supramolecular hydrogels can be enhanced by secondary covalent polymer networks.
  • The impact of covalent polymers on supramolecular filament nanostructures remains poorly understood.
  • Controlling network formation kinetics is key to tailoring material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how covalent network formation rate influences supramolecular hydrogel architecture.
  • To explore the relationship between mesoscale structure and mechanical properties.
  • To demonstrate programming of hierarchical structures in supramolecular hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction for controlled covalent network formation.
  • Varying macromonomer crosslinking rates to influence supramolecular assembly.
  • Characterizing hydrogel mesoscale architecture and mechanical properties.

Main Results:

  • Slow crosslinking promotes depletion-induced assembly of supramolecular filaments into bundles.
  • Rapid covalent network formation preserves low-nm scale supramolecular nanostructures.
  • Slow-forming hybrid networks exhibit a two-fold increase in toughness compared to fast-crosslinked networks.

Conclusions:

  • The kinetics of covalent network formation can program the mesoscale architecture of supramolecular hydrogels.
  • Bundled supramolecular filaments, formed via slow crosslinking, enhance hydrogel toughness.
  • This approach offers a new method to control soft matter hierarchical structures for diverse applications.