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Related Concept Videos

Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames
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Calorimetry informed visual digital model for continuous flow photobromination.

Yiming Xu1, Yun Zou1, Junfei Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.

Communications Chemistry
|April 11, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In situ calorimetry enables precise kinetic modeling for continuous-flow photochemistry. This method enhances process safety and efficiency by providing real-time thermal management guidance.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Process Chemistry
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Calorimetry data for continuous-flow photochemistry is limited, impeding kinetic model development and process scale-up.
  • Accurate kinetic models are crucial for optimizing reaction conditions and ensuring safety in photochemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative, heat-consistent kinetic model for continuous-flow photobromination using in situ calorimetry and designed experiments.
  • To establish a real-time digital model for monitoring and managing photochemical processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in situ calorimetry to record heat release, conversion, and selectivity during the continuous-flow photobromination of (E)-methyl 2-(methoxyimino)-2-(o-tolyl) acetate (EMMA).
  • Employed designed experiments varying residence time and light intensity to gather comprehensive data.
  • Fitted a two-step kinetic scheme constrained by calorimetric heat-release data.

Main Results:

  • The developed kinetic model accurately predicted total heat release (R² = 0.957) and conversion (R² = 0.894).
  • The second bromination step was identified as thermally driven, with negligible light intensity dependence.
  • A real-time visual digital model was created, mapping spatial distributions of conversion, selectivity, and heat-release rate.

Conclusions:

  • In situ calorimetry combined with designed experiments provides a robust method for kinetic modeling in continuous-flow photochemistry.
  • This approach facilitates safer and more efficient process development by enabling real-time thermal management.
  • The study extends process analytical technology for photochemistry through the integration of calorimetric data.