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Interpreting Research Findings in Endodontics: A Biostatistical Primer.
Mehran Farajollahi1, Amir Azarpazhooh2, Ali Nosrat3
1School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Journal of Endodontics
|April 12, 2026
Summary
Statistical significance testing using P-values is common in endodontic research but often misinterpreted. Complementing these tests with effect sizes and confidence intervals offers a clearer understanding of results for better clinical decisions.
Area of Science:
- Biostatistics
- Dental Research
- Endodontics
Background:
- Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is prevalent in dental and endodontic research.
- NHST relies on P-values, which are frequently misused and offer limited data interpretation.
- Over-reliance on P-values can lead to misinterpretations of research findings.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide practical guidance on interpreting endodontic research findings from a clinical viewpoint.
- To highlight the limitations of P-value-based significance testing.
- To emphasize the importance of effect sizes and confidence intervals for comprehensive result interpretation.
Main Methods:
- Discussion of common pitfalls in interpreting P-values.
- Explanation of how effect sizes and confidence intervals enhance result interpretation.
- Utilization of endodontic literature to illustrate statistical concepts.
Main Results:
- P-values alone provide limited information and are prone to misinterpretation.
- Effect sizes and confidence intervals offer crucial details on magnitude, direction, precision, and clinical relevance.
- A critical approach to interpreting research findings is necessary.
Conclusions:
- A shift from solely P-value-based significance testing towards comprehensive measures is recommended.
- Incorporating effect sizes and confidence intervals improves research translation into practice.
- This approach supports more informed, patient-centered clinical decision-making in endodontics.
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