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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

Infant learning forms lasting memory schemas that influence adult behavior.

Benjamin Bessières¹, Emmanuel Prikas¹, Sebastian Goodwin-Groen¹

¹Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.

|April 12, 2026

Summary

Infant memories are stored long-term and can be recalled in adulthood through behavioral reminders. This early memory retrieval aids new, related learning, demonstrating a developmental benefit of latent memory schemas.

Keywords:

anterior cingulate cortex consolidation development forgetting hippocampus infantile amnesia learning memory prelimbic cortex schema

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Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

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Published on: April 19, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Memory Research

Background:

Early-life experiences are stored long-term in a latent, poorly understood form.
The functional contribution of this hidden memory storage to later cognition is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the recovery and functional impact of infant-formed contextual memories in adult mice.
To explore the neural mechanisms underlying infant memory retrieval and its influence on adult learning.

Main Methods:

Infant mice formed contextual memories, with memory recovery assessed in adulthood using behavioral savings after weak reminders.
Neural network activity was examined in infant and adult mice using functional re-engagement of prelimbic/infralimbic (PL/IL) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) circuits.
The role of the dorsal hippocampus (dHC) and specific neuronal projections in adult learning was investigated.

Main Results:

Adult mice exhibited savings of infant-formed contextual memories following behavioral reminders.
This memory recovery facilitated new, congruent learning but did not affect other hippocampus-dependent learning types.
Both memory reinstatement and learning facilitation were context-specific, reactivating infant-associated PL/IL, ACC, and dHC neural networks and projections.

Conclusions:

Latent infant memories function as schemas, enabling long-term storage and retrieval in adulthood.
These memory schemas support relearning and the formation of new, congruent memories, highlighting a critical developmental role.
The findings reveal context-specific neural reactivation patterns underlying the enduring influence of early-life experiences.