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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cytokine-based NK cell engineering for cancer immunotherapy.

Qiao Tang1, Zhigang Tian2, Jiacheng Bi3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518107, China; State Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
|April 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial for immunity. This review explores cytokine-engineered NK cells for cancer immunotherapy, focusing on IL-15 strategies to enhance their expansion and persistence.

Keywords:
Adoptive NK transferAntitumor immunityCytokine engineeringCytokinesNK cell immunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Cell Therapy

Background:

  • Natural killer (NK) cells are vital innate immune cells for antiviral and antitumor responses.
  • NK cells are increasingly important in cancer immunotherapy, with cytokines regulating their function.
  • Cytokines are key for NK cell development, survival, proliferation, and effector functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in cytokine-driven NK cell engineering for immunotherapy.
  • To outline cytokines regulating NK cell biology, signaling pathways, and functions.
  • To examine cytokine-based engineering strategies, particularly IL-15 applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cytokine-driven NK cell engineering strategies.
  • Analysis of cytokine signaling pathways impacting NK cell proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity.
  • Examination of IL-15-based engineering formats (secreted, membrane-bound, fusion).

Main Results:

  • Cytokines critically regulate NK cell biology and effector functions.
  • IL-15 is a key cytokine for NK cell expansion, maintenance, and persistence.
  • Various IL-15 formats (secreted, mbIL-15, fusion) enhance NK cell therapeutic potential.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokine-driven NK cell engineering holds significant promise for cancer immunotherapy.
  • Optimizing cytokine signaling and expression systems can improve therapeutic efficacy.
  • Future research may lead to programmable NK cell therapies beyond empirical expansion.