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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.

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Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

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Published on: May 6, 2020

Hepatitis B Vaccine: Time to Rethink Our Correlate of Protection.

Nawras Habash¹, Imad Absah¹

¹Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

|April 12, 2026

Summary

Hepatitis B vaccination provides lasting protection through immune memory, even when antibodies decline. This suggests re-evaluating booster strategies based on individual immune responses rather than just antibody levels.

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Published on: October 20, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunology
Public Health
Virology

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a significant global health issue despite vaccination efforts.
While childhood vaccination reduced prevalence, high-risk adults still face persistent HBV infection.
Understanding long-term immune memory is crucial for managing HBV.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the global and U.S. burden of hepatitis B.
To synthesize data on natural and vaccine-induced immune responses to HBV.
To evaluate the durability of immune memory and its implications for vaccination strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of epidemiologic cohorts and mechanistic studies.
Analysis of data on immune memory (T and B cells) post-HBV infection and vaccination.
Assessment of serologic markers like anti-HBs levels in relation to protection.

Main Results:

Immune memory, including T and B cell responses, confers sustained protection against HBV.
Protection can persist even with declining or undetectable anti-HBs levels.
Current reliance on static serologic thresholds for revaccination may be suboptimal.

Conclusions:

Reevaluate current HBV revaccination strategies based on immune memory, not just antibody titers.
Consider pathogen-specific immunologic assessment for viruses like HBV with long incubation periods.
Nuanced, mechanistically informed approaches are needed for HBV immunity surveillance and policy.