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Hydrothermal aging of 3Y-TZP zirconia in water caused more phase transformation than steam aging, resulting in a degraded layer, reduced translucency, and increased strength.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Ceramic Engineering

Background:

  • 3Y-TZP zirconia is a widely used dental ceramic.
  • Hydrothermal aging can affect its properties.
  • Understanding aging effects is crucial for material longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of two hydrothermal aging methods (steam vs. water immersion) on 3Y-TZP zirconia.
  • To evaluate changes in microstructure, optical properties, and mechanical performance.
  • To determine the impact of aging on phase transformation and material degradation.

Main Methods:

  • 150 3Y-TZP specimens were aged in steam (Zpex-St) or water (Zpex-Iw) at 134°C, 2.2 bar for 10h.
  • Assessed density, crystalline phase (XRD), microstructure (SEM), grain size.
  • Evaluated translucency (TP), contrast ratio (CR), and biaxial flexural strength.
  • Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Tukey's tests.

Main Results:

  • Water immersion (Zpex-Iw) resulted in higher monoclinic phase content (37%) than steam aging (Zpex-St, 24%).
  • Zpex-Iw showed a deeper degraded layer and significantly reduced translucency (TP).
  • Zpex-Iw exhibited significantly increased characteristic strength despite microstructural changes.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrothermal aging in water induces greater tetragonal to monoclinic (t→m) phase transformation in 3Y-TZP than steam aging.
  • Water immersion leads to more surface degradation and reduced translucency.
  • Despite degradation, water-aged 3Y-TZP shows enhanced characteristic strength.