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Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

Published on: October 29, 2013

Polysialic Acid Hydrogel for Reducing Foreign Body Reactions in Implanted Polyurethane Materials.

Dongri Hu^1,2, Gang Wu^1,2, Pinrui Zhang^1,2

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications

|April 12, 2026

Summary

Grafting polyurethane (PU) with PSA creates a vascular channel material resistant to fibrous encapsulation. This improved PU-sg-PSA reduces protein adhesion and macrophage response, enhancing material longevity.

Keywords:

fibrotic encapsulation inflammatory response polysialic acid polyurethane

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Tissue Engineering

Background:

Polyurethane (PU) materials face failure in vascular applications due to foreign body reactions and fibrous encapsulation.
Developing biocompatible materials is crucial for long-term implant success.

Purpose of the Study:

To enhance the biocompatibility and reduce fibrous encapsulation of PU materials for vascular applications.
To investigate the efficacy of an interfacial interpenetrating grafting approach using PSA.

Main Methods:

An interfacial interpenetrating grafting method was used to modify PU with PSA, creating PU-sg-PSA.
Protein adhesion and macrophage behavior (NO expression) were assessed on PU-sg-PSA.
A rat subcutaneous implantation model evaluated fibrous encapsulation around PU-sg-PSA.

Main Results:

PU-sg-PSA demonstrated significantly reduced non-specific protein adhesion compared to unmodified PU.
Macrophages on PU-sg-PSA exhibited lower nitric oxide (NO) expression.
In vivo studies showed fewer surrounding macrophages and a thinner fibrous encapsulation layer for PU-sg-PSA.

Conclusions:

The PU-sg-PSA material effectively resists fibrous encapsulation, a key factor in material failure.
Surface modification with PSA improves the biocompatibility of PU for potential vascular channel applications.
This grafting approach offers a promising strategy for enhancing the performance of PU-based medical devices.