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Related Concept Videos

Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Multi-locus Variable-number Tandem-repeat Analysis of the Fish-pathogenic Bacterium Yersinia ruckeri by Multiplex PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis
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Haplotype-Resolved Genome Assemblies for Norwegian Red Cattle.

Thea Johanna Hettasch1, Matthew Peter Kent1, Arne Bjørke Gjuvsland2

  • 1Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.

Animal Genetics
|April 13, 2026
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Summary

New haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for Norwegian Red (NR) cattle were created using advanced sequencing. These NR2025 assemblies improve genomic insights and cattle breeding accuracy.

Keywords:
Bos tauruscentromerelong‐read sequencestrio‐binning

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Animal Breeding
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Norwegian Red (NR) cattle breeding prioritizes health and fertility.
  • Current genomic studies use a Hereford reference, risking NR-specific genetic variation misrepresentation.
  • The Hereford reference assembly is pseudohaploid, leading to data loss and inaccurate variant representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop refined, NR-specific genomic resources.
  • To construct high-quality, haplotype-resolved genome assemblies for NR cattle.
  • To overcome limitations of existing reference genomes for NR cattle.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized long-read sequencing technologies (PacBio HiFi and Oxford Nanopore).
  • Employed trio-binning to phase and construct haplotype-resolved assemblies.
  • Performed quality assessment using BUSCO for completeness and contiguity metrics (N50).

Main Results:

  • Generated six highly complete (95.82%-98.11%) and contiguous (N50: 73.8-88.5 Mb) NR2025 genome assemblies.
  • Achieved accurate phasing with low Hamming error rates (0.46%-2.52%).
  • Identified distinct organizational patterns of satellite DNA in repetitive centromeric regions.

Conclusions:

  • The NR2025 assemblies are a valuable resource for NR cattle genomics.
  • Enables accurate identification of novel variants and haplotypes in the NR population.
  • Facilitates improved genotype-to-phenotype association studies and genomic predictions for enhanced trait selection.