Innovations in Implant Osseointegration: Biomaterials, Surface Engineering, and Translational Strategies

Osseointegration is critical for the long-term success of orthopedic and dental implants. This review highlights the biological mechanisms underlying bone-implant integration and recent advances in bioactive materials, drug delivery systems, and surface modification strategies. Implant design features-such as geometry, porosity, and coating technologies-are discussed alongside in vitro and in vivo evaluation models. Clinical applications span orthopedics, dentistry, prosthetics, and maxillofacial reconstruction. Emerging approaches, including nitric oxide-releasing coatings and controlled BMP-2 delivery, offer promising solutions to complications such as infection and ectopic ossification. These integrated strategies aim to enhance implant stability, functionality, and long-term clinical outcomes.