Research progress in flap temperature monitoring technologies and applications after transplantation

As a primary method for tissue repair and functional reconstruction, flap transplantation has achieved a clinical success rate of over 90%. However, the postoperative incidence of vascular crisis remains as high as 10%-30%, making it a leading cause of reoperation and disability. Flap temperature is a key indicator closely correlated with microcirculatory status, making its monitoring essential for the early detection of complications. This paper provides a systematic review of the physiological mechanisms underlying postoperative flap temperature, the characteristic temperature changes associated with venous and arterial crises, and the latest advancements in monitoring technologies. It comprehensively analyzes the principles, advantages, and limitations of various methods, including manual palpation, contact thermometry, infrared thermography, fiber optic sensing, and microwave thermometry. Furthermore, the review explores the application of intelligent technologies such as wearable sensors, artificial intelligence-driven predictive systems, implantable flexible devices, and multimodal fusion monitoring. Current challenges, including poor real-time performance, low precision, and a lack of standardization, are highlighted. Future development is directed toward precision, intelligence, and integration, with an emphasis on multidisciplinary collaboration to create more accurate, convenient, and intelligent monitoring systems. These advancements aim to achieve precise early warning and timely intervention, ultimately improving flap survival rates and patient outcomes.