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Updated: May 29, 2026

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients
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Tuberculosis-associated IRIS in a young non-HIV patient undergoing TNF-α blockade for ankylosis spondylitis: a rare

Enrico Perugini1, Laura Campogiani1,2, Luigi Coppola1,2

  • 1Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases
|April 13, 2026
PubMed

Patients receiving anti-TNF-α therapy are at increased risk of developing tuberculosis (TB). While immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is classically associated with HIV-infected individuals initiating antiretroviral therapy, it has also been reported in HIV-negative patients following the initiation of anti-tubercular treatment. We present a case of a non-HIV patient who developed IRIS after being diagnosed with TB while on anti-TNF-α therapy. The optimal management of IRIS in this setting remains unclear, although corticosteroids have been used with varying success. Some authors suggest that continuation of anti-TNF-α agents during IRIS may be beneficial. Our case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in managing TB-IRIS in non-HIV patients and the need for further research in this population.

Keywords:
Ankylosis spondylitisIRISImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndromeTNF-α blockadeTuberculosis

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