Tooth Anomalies, Caries, and Gingival Health in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: A Retrospective Study

To investigate tooth anomalies, caries status, and gingival health in individuals with different types of cleft lip and palate (CLP).

Radiographic and photographic records of 116 patients with CLP were retrospectively examined. Standardized forms were completed in three age-based subgroups (3-5 years, 6-12 years, ≥13 years) and three cleft type groups (right UCLP, left UCLP, BCLP). The DMFT index in permanent teeth, dmft in deciduous teeth, tooth anomalies, and gingival health were recorded. Prevalence of decay and anomalies in the cleft region was evaluated. Kruskal-Wallis and chi-squared tests were used. A significance level of p 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean DMFT value was 3.96 ± 3.12, and the mean dmft value was 1.18 ± 2.59. In the anterior region, no filled permanent teeth were found in 109 individuals, no supernumerary teeth in 105, and no teeth with shape abnormalities in 97. Healthy gums were observed in 48 patients. The relationship between cleft type and maxillary anterior decay showed statistically significant differences (p 0.05), and DMFT values also differed statistically significantly among cleft groups (p = 0.001).

Patients not only exhibit poor overall oral hygiene but also a higher prevalence of decay in the cleft region. Adoption of a multidisciplinary approach and collaboration with other healthcare professionals can further enhance overall health and quality of life for these individuals. This is among the first studies in Turkey to simultaneously evaluate anomalies, caries, and gingival health in CLP patients with an a priori power analysis. These findings underline the importance of early, targeted preventive dental strategies in individuals with cleft lip and palate, particularly in the cleft region where caries and dental anomalies are more prevalent. An integrated evaluation of dental anomalies, caries experience, and gingival health may support more effective preventive dentistry and improved long-term oral health outcomes in this high-risk population.