Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Micropropagules in Seawater During the 2020 Green Tide Outbreak in the Southern Yellow Sea

Large-scale green tides dominated by Ulva species have recurred annually in the Southern Yellow Sea for nearly two decades, yet early detection remains challenging due to the patchy distribution of incipient floating macroalgae. This study investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of Ulva micropropagules during the 2020 outbreak using a systematic cultivation assay. Seawater samples were collected from 23 stations across the Subei Shoal and adjacent waters in April, May, and July, and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions to enumerate Ulva germling densities. Results revealed that Ulva micropropagule abundance peaked in April, with high-density foci concentrated in the Subei Shoal region-particularly in aquaculture areas of Neopyropia J. Brodie & L.-E. Yang, 2020-confirming this zone as one of the important sources. Abundance declined progressively through May and July as macroalgae drifted northward under wind and current forcing. This method effectively identified putative source regions and reconstructed initial dispersal patterns prior to satellite-detectable macroalgal aggregation. These findings demonstrate that Ulva micropropagule monitoring provides a cost-effective, sensitive tool for early warning and Ulva source tracking, offering finer-scale propagule distribution data to inform precision management strategies for mitigating green tide impacts on coastal marine ecosystems. Future research should expand investigations into Ulva micropropagule dynamics to elucidate their mechanistic processes and ecological significance in green tide initiation and development.