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Discrimination, Racism, and Structural Determinants in Youth Violence Prevention Programs: A Scoping Review and
Mackenzie Weise1, Leslie Marie Manso2, Shikha Chandarana2
1Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA. mackenzie.weise@gwmail.gwu.edu.
Summary
Few studies explicitly address discrimination or structural factors in youth violence prevention. This review identifies and analyzes these interventions, highlighting a gap between theory and practice.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Criminology
- Sociology
Background:
- Youth violence is a significant public health issue.
- Discrimination and structural factors are increasingly recognized as upstream determinants of youth violence.
- Existing research has not systematically mapped interventions explicitly addressing these factors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a scoping review of youth violence prevention studies (1990-2025) that explicitly incorporate discrimination, racism, or structural terms.
- To categorize violence outcomes and analyze intervention components designed to address these factors.
- To identify gaps and propose models for future research and practice.
Main Methods:
- Scoping review methodology utilizing eight multi-disciplinary databases.
- Searched for studies published between 1990 and 2025 with "discrimination," "racism," or "structural" in titles/abstracts.
- Intervention Component Analysis (ICA) applied to eligible studies (n=14).
Main Results:
- A small fraction of studies (n=14) explicitly focused on discrimination, racism, or structural factors.
- "Discrimination" and "structural" terminology were most common.
- Five studies underwent ICA, revealing multicomponent interventions with varied reporting on change mechanisms.
- A significant gap exists between the rhetoric and empirical evaluation of interventions addressing upstream drivers of youth violence.
Conclusions:
- There is a critical need for more research and funding focused on interventions explicitly targeting discrimination and structural determinants of youth violence.
- Intervention Component Analysis suggests practical models for embedding these components into prevention programs.
- Future evaluations must clearly articulate how prevention interventions address upstream drivers of youth violence.
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