Cubosome-Based Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: Design Optimization, Analytical Characterization, and Translational...

Cancer remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, necessitating the development of drug delivery systems that enhance therapeutic precision while minimizing systemic toxicity. Cubosomes, nanostructured lipid carriers with a bicontinuous cubic phase, have emerged as promising platforms for cancer therapy due to their ability to encapsulate hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic molecules within a single matrix. Their unique internal architecture enables high drug loading, sustained release, and biological compatibility. Recent innovations in cubosome formulation include surface functionalization with polymers and targeting ligands to improve tumor selectivity and intracellular delivery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cubosomal nanocarrier systems, focusing on formulation strategies, drug encapsulation efficiencies, and physicochemical properties relevant to biopharmaceutical performance. Emphasis is placed on advanced analytical techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and zeta potential analysis for evaluating particle size distribution, internal structure, and surface charge. Key translational challenges including scalability, batch-to-batch reproducibility, regulatory considerations, and long-term safety are also discussed. By bridging nanoscale design with robust analytical validation, cubosomes offer a versatile and clinically viable platform for targeted cancer therapeutics.