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3D Printed In Vitro Engineered Living Material Models for Antimicrobial Development.

Emily Lazarus1, Lynn M Sidor2, Andrea Camacho-Betancourt3

  • 1OcuCell Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|April 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

3D printed engineered living materials (ELMM) were developed for antimicrobial testing. These models mimic natural biofilms and show how maturation affects antimicrobial response, aiding new drug discovery.

Keywords:
3D printingalginate bioinkantimicrobial susceptibilityengineered living materialin vitro multispecies

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Microbiology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • 3D printing is advancing tissue engineering and regenerative medicine with complex cell-laden constructs.
  • Engineered 3D living materials (ELMM) with microorganisms show promise for biomedical applications like antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
  • A gap exists in understanding construct-microorganism interactions and in developing multispecies ELMM that mimic natural biofilms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop 3D printed single and mixed-species in vitro ELMM for antimicrobial therapeutic development.
  • To investigate the impact of biofilm maturation age on antimicrobial susceptibility.
  • To create biomimetic ELMM using novel fabrication techniques for low-viscosity bioinks.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of 3D printed single and mixed-species ELMM.
  • Utilizing a gelatin 3D printing bath for fabricating biomimetic constructs with low-viscosity bioinks.
  • Characterization of ELMM to confirm cell viability and maturation.

Main Results:

  • Successful development of 3D printed single and mixed-species in vitro ELMM.
  • Demonstrated effect of maturation age on antimicrobial agent response.
  • Fabricated and characterized a gelatin bath yielding biomimetic 3D ELMM previously unachievable with low-viscosity bioinks.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printed ELMM offer a proof-of-concept for in vitro multispecies models that accurately mimic natural conditions.
  • These models enhance understanding of biofilm maturation effects on antimicrobial susceptibility.
  • The developed techniques and models can advance the discovery of antibiofilm drugs for infectious diseases.