Endocrinology: What You May Have Missed in 2025

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Metabolic Disorders
• Pharmacotherapy

Background:

• 2025 saw expanded pharmacotherapeutic options for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obesity, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).
• Treatment algorithms are increasingly complex, with new concerns about medication side effects.
• Nine critical studies offer insights for managing endocrine and metabolic disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review nine significant studies published in 2025 relevant to clinical endocrinology and metabolic disorders.
• To inform clinicians on managing T2DM, obesity, and MASH amidst evolving treatment landscapes.
• To highlight key findings on treatment effectiveness, side effects, and emerging therapies.

Main Methods:

• Review of nine selected studies published in 2025.
• Analysis of research on diabetes self-management, pharmacologic interventions (GLP-1RAs, SGLT-2is, finerenone), and adverse events.
• Synthesis of findings impacting clinical practice for T2DM, obesity, and MASH.

Main Results:

• Diabetes self-management education improves HbA1c.
• Dulaglutide dose escalation vs. tirzepatide switching for T2DM HbA1c lowering compared.
• GLP-1RA side effects (GI, optic neuropathy) and use in MASH explored.
• Immune checkpoint inhibitor risks and SGLT-2i/GLP-1RA urogenital infection risks assessed.
• Canagliflozin outcomes and finerenone efficacy/safety in T2DM detailed.

Conclusions:

• Clinicians must stay updated on new pharmacotherapies and their associated risks for T2DM, obesity, and MASH.
• Evidence supports diabetes self-management and provides comparative data for treatment intensification.
• Emerging data address critical safety concerns and specific patient populations.