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A novel MXene-integrated MIP-based electrochemical sensor for highly selective and sensitive lenalidomide
Farah Elbarghathi1, Ensar Piskin1, Ahmet Cetinkaya2
1Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Türkiye; Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
Talanta
|April 13, 2026
Summary
A new electrochemical sensor using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) on MXene supports highly sensitive and selective detection of Lenalidomide (LEN). This sensor achieves ultra-low detection limits and demonstrates excellent performance in real-world samples.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science: Development of novel MXene-supported electrochemical sensors.
- Analytical Chemistry: Highly selective and sensitive detection of Lenalidomide (LEN).
- Nanotechnology: Utilization of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) for signal amplification.
Background:
- Lenalidomide (LEN) detection is crucial for therapeutic drug monitoring and quality control.
- Existing electrochemical sensors often lack the required sensitivity and selectivity for LEN.
- MXene materials offer unique properties for electrochemical sensing applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for Lenalidomide (LEN) detection.
- To utilize a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) strategy supported by MXene.
- To investigate the sensor's performance, including sensitivity, selectivity, and applicability in complex matrices.
Main Methods:
- Fabrication of a MIP-based sensor on a graphene modified electrode (GCE) using MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
- Photopolymerization (PP) technique employed for creating the imprinted polymer layer with 3-aminophenylboronic acid (3-APBA) as the functional monomer.
- Electrochemical characterization using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS); morphological analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Main Results:
- The developed sensor exhibited a wide linear range (1.75 × 10⁻¹² - 2.5 × 10⁻¹¹ M) and ultra-low limits of detection (LOD: 4.21 × 10⁻¹³ M) and quantification (LOQ: 1.40 × 10⁻¹² M) for LEN.
- High recovery rates (99.07% in serum, 97.88% in pharmaceutical dosage, 99.12% in tap water) with low relative standard deviations (<2.0%) indicate excellent accuracy and precision.
- Exceptional selectivity was demonstrated against LEN analogs and other interfering substances, validated by computational simulations showing β-CD's role in molecular pre-concentration.
Conclusions:
- The novel MXene-supported MIP electrochemical sensor provides a highly sensitive and selective platform for Lenalidomide detection.
- The synergistic effect of MXene and β-cyclodextrin enhances the pre-concentration of LEN, leading to superior electrochemical performance.
- This sensor holds significant potential for practical applications in real-world sample analysis, including clinical and environmental monitoring.
