Seasonal and Sex-Specific Liver Plasticity in Brown Trout: Estrogen-Responsive Targets and Cell Turnover Dynamics

The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a commercially and ecologically significant salmonid fish, yet its hepatic cellular and functional dynamics throughout the reproductive cycle remain poorly characterised, particularly in males. This study investigated seasonal and sex-specific liver plasticity across four reproductive stages: spawning capable (December), regressing (March), regenerating (July), and developing (November). We quantified mRNA and protein abundance of key oestrogen-responsive targets-vitellogenin (VtgA) and zona pellucida (ZP) proteins-alongside cell turnover markers, caspase 3 (Casp3) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). These molecular endpoints were integrated with stereological analyses to estimate hepatocyte, nuclear, and cytoplasmic volumes. Results revealed stage-dependent mobilisation and transient hepatic retention of reproductive proteins; females exhibited stronger vitellogenic signatures and more pronounced seasonal shifts than males. Although VtgA and ZP mRNA levels peaked during the developing and spawning-capable stages, males maintained low but consistent levels throughout the cycle, indicating constitutive hepatic oestrogen sensitivity. Regarding cell turnover, PCNA protein data indicated heightened proliferative activity during the spawning-capable and regressing stages. In contrast, while Casp3 mRNA levels remained stable across all stages, protein detection suggested a post-transcriptional increase in apoptotic signalling during the developing phase, consistent with controlled tissue remodelling rather than extensive cell loss. Stereological data confirmed enlarged hepatocyte and nuclear volumes during periods of high secretory and proliferative demand. Overall, these findings demonstrate significant stage-dependent and sex-specific plasticity in brown trout liver, providing a robust reference framework for ecological monitoring, endocrine disruption assessments, and studies of teleost reproductive physiology.