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Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Correction: Gernhardt et al. Ex Vivo Computed Tomographic Morphometry and Motion of the Native and Fractured Equine Accessory Carpal Bone. <i>Animals</i> 2026, <i>16</i>, 1132.

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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Transforming Small Ruminant Productivity Through a Farm Service Delivery Model: Evidence from a Pilot Study in Saudi

Marimuthu Swaminathan1, Khaled Aldayood2, Markos Tibbo3

  • 1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Abdul-Aziz Road, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Saudi Arabia's Farm Service Delivery Model (FSDM) significantly boosted small ruminant production, doubling lambing rates and milk output. This integrated approach enhances flock productivity and rural livelihoods.

Keywords:
Saudi Arabiaanimal healthcommunity-based interventionseconomic impactlivestock extensionreproductive efficiencyservice deliverysmall ruminants

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Economics
  • Animal Science
  • Development Studies

Background:

  • Small ruminant farming is crucial for Saudi Arabian livelihoods and food security.
  • Production is hindered by high feed costs, limited veterinary care, poor reproductive rates, and weak extension services.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of a piloted Farm Service Delivery Model (FSDM) on small ruminant farms.
  • To assess the FSDM's effectiveness in addressing key production constraints.

Main Methods:

  • A Farm Service Delivery Model (FSDM) was implemented, embedding trained livestock technicians within farming communities.
  • The study monitored 47 farms across three regions for 6-12 months, collecting data on key performance indicators.

Main Results:

  • Flock size increased by 28%, lambing rates doubled (0.39 to 0.80), and twin births tripled.
  • Mortality decreased significantly from 23.8% to 8.0%, while milk production more than doubled.
  • A benefit-cost ratio of 3.02 indicated a strong return on investment.

Conclusions:

  • The FSDM offers a scalable and sustainable solution to enhance small ruminant productivity, resilience, and rural income in Saudi Arabia.
  • National scaling could generate substantial economic value and reduce meat imports, aligning with Saudi Vision 2030.
  • Policy recommendations include institutional integration, digital tools, blended finance, and improved breeding programs.