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Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Efficient Polyphenol Extraction from White Mulberry (Morus alba)
Kaja Gliha1, Manja Kurečič2, Drago Kočar1
1Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 14, 2026
Summary
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) show promise for extracting polyphenols from white mulberry. Certain DESs, particularly choline chloride (ChCl) with polyalcohols, matched or exceeded traditional solvent efficiency, offering a sustainable alternative.
Area of Science:
- Green Chemistry
- Natural Product Chemistry
- Biotechnology
Background:
- White mulberry (Morus alba) is a source of valuable polyphenolic compounds.
- Traditional extraction methods often use harsh organic solvents, posing environmental concerns.
- Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a potentially greener alternative for bioactive compound extraction.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the efficiency of various DESs for extracting polyphenols from white mulberry.
- To compare DES extraction performance against traditional organic solvents.
- To identify optimal DES formulations for different mulberry parts (branches, leaves, fruits).
Main Methods:
- Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed.
- Six DESs based on choline chloride (ChCl) and different hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were tested.
- Extraction conditions were standardized using ChCl/glycerol DES (1:2 molar ratio, 20% water, 80°C, 30 min).
- High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) assays were used for assessment.
Main Results:
- DESs composed of ChCl and polyalcohols demonstrated superior performance.
- ChCl/glycerol DES was most effective for branches and leaves.
- ChCl/ethylene glycol DES showed highest efficiency for fruits.
- DES extraction efficiencies for polyphenols were comparable or superior to methanol, except for flavonoids.
Conclusions:
- DESs offer a sustainable and efficient method for extracting bioactive polyphenols from white mulberry.
- Specific DES formulations can be tailored for optimal extraction from different plant parts.
- DESs present a greener alternative to conventional organic solvents in natural product extraction.
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