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Flexible and Physically Unclonable Function Anti-Counterfeiting Labels via Multi-Level Dynamic Structural Color

Junzhe Lin1, Min Zhao1, Xueqing Zhu1

  • 1Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed novel photonic crystal PUF labels using a dry process for secure, multi-level encryption. These flexible labels offer enhanced anti-counterfeiting and dynamic data security applications.

Keywords:
dynamic encryptionflexiblephotonic crystalsphysically unclonable functionsstructural color

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Information Security

Background:

  • Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) are essential for secure authentication and cryptographic key generation.
  • Structural color-based PUFs offer advantages like fade resistance but often require complex wet fabrication processes.
  • There is a need for flexible PUF labels produced via facile, dry methods for advanced security applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present stress-relief modulated photonic crystal PUF labels for multi-level dynamic encryption.
  • To develop a dry fabrication process for flexible PUF labels.
  • To enable advanced wearable anti-counterfeiting and digital encryption systems.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of nanograting-based photonic crystals using curved pinning edge-induced interruptions and elastomer bulking for random patterning.
  • Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning algorithms for label authentication based on structural color, brightness, and saturation.
  • Integration of photonic crystal patterns with dynamically modulated optical erasure for temporal encryption.

Main Results:

  • Successful creation of flexible, dry-processed photonic crystal PUF labels with random nanograting patterns.
  • AI-based authentication accurately extracts optical properties (color, brightness, saturation) determined by grating characteristics.
  • Demonstrated extension of encryption capacity from spatial to temporal dimensions via optical erasure.

Conclusions:

  • The developed stress-relief modulated photonic crystal PUF labels offer a facile dry fabrication route.
  • This approach enables robust, AI-authenticated, multi-level dynamic encryption for anti-counterfeiting and data security.
  • The technology holds promise for advanced wearable security labels and digital encryption systems.