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Orthodontically Induced External Root Resorption: A Finite Element Analysis.

Radu-Andrei Moga1, Cristian Doru Olteanu2, Ada Gabriela Delean1

  • 1Department of Odontology, Endodontics and Oral Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Str. Motilor 33, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Orthodontic forces can cause external root resorption, particularly with intrusion, extrusion, rotation, and translation movements. Ductile-like failure criteria accurately predict these stresses, unlike brittle-like criteria, which showed inconsistencies in finite element analysis simulations.

Keywords:
failure criteriafinite element analysisintact periodontiumorthodontic movementsorthodontically induced external root resorption

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanical analysis of dental structures.
  • Orthodontic mechanics and material science.

Background:

  • Finite element analysis (FEA) is crucial for understanding stress distribution in teeth during orthodontic treatment.
  • Assessing stress patterns and potential root resorption is vital for safe and effective orthodontic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate stress distribution in teeth and dentin under orthodontic forces using FEA.
  • To compare the accuracy of different failure criteria (brittle-like vs. ductile-like) in predicting stress.
  • To identify orthodontic movements most likely to cause external root resorption.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nine 3D models of the second lower premolar based on CBCT scans.
  • Performed 180 numerical simulations applying 4 N of force across five orthodontic movements.
  • Employed Maximum Principal (MaxP), Minimum Principal (MinP), Von Mises (VM), and Tresca (T) failure criteria.

Main Results:

  • Tipping movements were less associated with root resorption compared to translation, extrusion, intrusion, and rotation.
  • High-stress concentrations were observed in the cervical third of the root for specific movements when components were analyzed separately.
  • Ductile-like criteria (VM, T) provided consistent results, while brittle-like criteria (MaxP, MinP) showed quantitative and qualitative inconsistencies.

Conclusions:

  • A 4 N orthodontic force can induce localized external root resorption, especially with intrusion-extrusion (vestibular) and rotation-translation (lingual/distal-lingual) movements.
  • Ductile-like failure criteria are recommended for accurate FEA in dental studies.
  • Understanding stress distribution is key to minimizing iatrogenic damage during orthodontics.