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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Published on: September 15, 2023

Thyroid Artery Embolization for Benign Thyroid Hyperplasia.

Alan A Sag¹, Saim Yilmaz², Nariman Nezami³

¹Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|April 14, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid artery embolization (TAE) offers a minimally invasive treatment for benign thyroid hyperplasia (BTH). This review covers current evidence and techniques for patients unsuitable for surgery.

Area of Science:

Interventional Radiology
Endocrinology
Vascular Medicine

Background:

Benign thyroid hyperplasia (BTH), including multinodular goiter and Graves' disease, presents management challenges.

Keywords:

RFA embolization goiter graves’ disease thyroid thyroid nodule

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Surgery is the traditional treatment but carries risks and is not suitable for all patients.